This monograph is devoted to recent progress in the turnpike theory. Turnpike properties are well known in mathematical economics. The term was first coined by Samuelson who showed that an efficient expanding economy would for most of the time be in the vicinity of a balanced equilibrium path (also called a von Neumann path) [78, 79]. These properties were studied by many authors for optimal trajectories of a Neumann–Gale model determined by a superlinear set-valued mapping. In the monograph we discuss a number of results concerning turnpike properties in the calculus of variations and optimal control which were obtained by the author in the last ten years. These results show that the turnpike properties are a general phenomenon which holds for various classes of variational problems and optimal control problems.