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| Budinger Th. — Mathematics and Physics of Emerging Biomedical Imaging |
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| Предметный указатель |
Acoustical holography 123
Acoustical index of refraction 124
Adaptive current tomograph (ACT) 145
Aliasing 62
Amplifier design 70
Analytical inversion 117
Anatomical priors 193
Angiography 52
Angiography, imaging techniques for 62
Angioplasty 171
Anisotropic diffusion 82
Applied potential tomography (APT) system 145
Artifacts 28 60
Artifacts, motion-related 29 66
Artifacts, patient-related 29
Artifacts, physics-related 28
Artifacts, ring-shaped 29
Artifacts, system-related 29
Attenuation 24 30 91 97 98 99 126 159 202
Attenuation, coefficients 24 91 97—99
Attenuation, compensation 99
Attenuation, distribution 159 202
Attenuation, distribution, non-uniform 91 99
Attenuation, distribution, uniform 99
Attenuation, linear 24
Attenuation, SPECT 91 97 98
Attenuation, three-dimensional correction 118
Attenuation, ultrasound 126
Avalanche photodiodes 109
Backprojection method 209
Backpropagation method 127
Bayesian method 56 59 61 204 223 224
Beam forming 122 124
Beam hardening 25 28 30 200
Beam hardening, artifacts 25
Beam propagation 123
Biopsy 169 173
Biot — Savart law 149 213
Bloch equation 38 209
Blood flow 37 62 67 106
Blood flow, imaging of 37
Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) effect 69
Born approximation 205
Boundary-element method (BEM) 136 137 150
Cardiac imaging 19 91 99
Cardiac strain 67
Cauchy problem 136 214
Chemical Shift Imaging 75
Chest radiography 14 16 18
Cluster analysis 189
Coil designs 54 79
Coil designs, partial-volume 50
Coil designs, superconducting 79
Coil designs, surface gradient coils 50
Coil designs, whole-body gradient coils 49
Coil designs, whole-volume coils 50
Collimator designs 93 94 101 102 see gradient
Collimator designs, astigmatic 101
Collimator designs, cone-beam 94 101
Collimator designs, converging-hole 94
Collimator designs, fan-beam 94
Collimator designs, parallel-hole 94
Collimator designs, variable focal 101
Collimator-detector response 98
Collimator-detector system 100
Compton scattering 91 96 108 118
Computational anatomy 191
Computed tomography (CT) 1 14 23 157 159 160 168
Computed tomography (CT), CT angiography 33 34
Computed tomography (CT), high-speed 30
Computed tomography (CT), spiral CT 23 31 33 169
Computer-assisted visualization 168
Conductivity distribution 144
Cone beam errors 33
Conjugate gradient algorithm 99
Contrast agents 162
Contrast resolution 23
Contrast-to-noise ratio 79
Convergence 204
Convolution kernels 31
Convolution methods 98
Cryosurgery 177 178 194
Data acquisition 33 34 41 45 47 56—59 62 63 70 94 101 112 116 125 134 157 158 175 187 193
Data acquisition for optical methods 158
Data acquisition, systems 27
Data acquisition, three-dimensional 114 116
Data correction 27 112
Data display 33 63
Data display, multi-dimensional 187
Data display, three-dimensional 31 33 74 129
Data fitting 191 193
Data fusion 188
Data interpolation 31
Data reduction 33 187 193
Data sampling 117
Data visualization 188
Detector systems see also "Scintillation cameras" "Scintillation
Detector systems, arrays 33 148
Detector systems, efficiency 108
Detector systems, elements 27 108
Detector systems, noise in 153
Detector systems, ring-based 28
Detector systems, scintillators 27 92
Detector systems, SPECT 95
Detector systems, transducer development 122
Dielectric constant, changes in 143
Diffraction integral 123
Diffraction tomography 127 206
Diffusion 80—82
Diffusion MRI 49 66
Diffusion MRI, application to strokes 81
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) 81
Diffusion, anisotropic 82
Diffusion, coefficients 65
Diffusion, measurements 66
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) 13
Discrete Fourier Transform 40
Display 31 33 68 74 81 125 129
Display, three-dimensional 31 33 74 129
Doppler shift 211
Doppler tomography 212 226
Dynamic imaging 4 37 56 93
Echo-planar imaging (EPI) 49 50 53 56 60 63 66 68—70 74 81 171
Eddy currents 50 60 73 74 81
Eddy currents in MRI 50
Edge detection 189
Elastic warping 192
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) 143 209 216
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT), electronics for 144
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT), inversion algorithms for 144
Electrical source imaging (ESI) 214
Electrocardiography (ECG) 133 134
Electroencephalography (EEG) 3 133
Electron beam systems 32—34
Emission CT 202 203
Endocardial potentials 135
Endoscopy 167 170
Energy resolution 117 119
Expectation maximization algorithm 99 113
Fan beam systems 25 28 29
Fan beam systems, reconstruction algorithm for 25
Fast Fourier transform (FFT) 56 57 60 61 222
Fermi motion 110
Field inhomogeneities 58
Film subtraction angiography 13
Filtered backprojection algorithm 33 115 118 119 200 204
Filtered backprojection algorithm, three-dimensional 116 117
Filtered backprojection of filtered projection 98
Finite-element method (FEM) 46 74 123 136 137 150
Fitting algorithm 193
| Focused ultrasound (FUS) 4 179 180
Forward models 153
Forward Problem 136 215
Fourier optics 124
Fourier projection theorem 98 113
Fourier reconstruction 117
Fourier transform 40 52 58 117 206 210 211 222
Fourier transform, FFT 56 57 60 61 222
Fourier, space interpolation 211
Functional imaging 3
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 1 68 70 72—74 148
Fuzzy logic 189
Gauss — Seidel algorithm 99
Gelfand — Levitan procedure 217
Gibbs ringing 57 58
Gibbs — Markov random field 204
Global thresholding 189
Gradient coils 49 51 70 72
Gradient coils for MRI 49
Gradient coils, local 50 51
Gradient coils, surface 78
Gradient coils, whole-body 49
Gradient descent method 52
Half-value layer 91
Heart arrhythmia 135
Heat surgery 177
Helmholtz equation 224
high-temperature superconductor 37
High-temperature superconductor, magnets 42
Histogramming 189
Hoelder stability 218
Holography 21
Hounsfield numbers 30
Hyperpolarized gases 78
Ill-posedness 59 115 136 144 160 209 214 217 218
Image combination, image fusion 47 193
Image contrast 66
Image processing 187 188 193
Image processing methods 64 189 190 194 see
Image processing methods, cluster analysis 189
Image processing methods, edge detection 189
Image processing methods, enhancement 187
Image processing methods, filtering 56
Image processing methods, global thresholding 189
Image processing methods, histogramming 189
Image processing methods, region growing 190
Image processing methods, registration 174 175 189 191 193 195
Image processing methods, segmentation 77 188—191 194
Image processing methods, shape analysis 189
Image processing methods, statistical edge finding 189
Image processing methods, surface rendering 194
Image processing methods, thresholding 190
Image processing methods, volume rendering 194
Image reconstruction 25 31 33 37 48 56 60 61 91 99 106 113 116 135 154 see
Image-guided therapy 168
Immobilization during intervention 174
Impedance tomography see "Electrical impedance tomography"
Index of refraction, acoustical 124
Instability of instruments 71
Instability, mathematical 209 214 216 217
Integral geometry 211
Interpolation 48
Interpolation in Fourier space 211
Interventional MRI 4 66
Interventional radiology 168
Inverse problem 113 114 135—137 148 202 205 206 208 209 214—216 224
Inversion algorithms for EIT 144
Inversion problem 158 160
Iterative reconstruction algorithms 98—101 151
Iterative reconstruction algorithms, conjugate gradient 99
Iterative reconstruction algorithms, expectation maximization 99 113
Iterative reconstruction algorithms, Gauss — Seidel 99
k-space coverage 56
Keyhole imaging 60
Klein — Nishina formula 118
Lagrange multipliers 52
LANDSAT 190
Laser optical tomography 157 160
Layer stripping 209
Levenberg — Marquardt iterative method 216 221
Light tomography 208
Limited-angle reconstruction, SPECT 101
Linear attenuation coefficient 24
Local gradient coils 50 51
Local RF coils 50
Logarithmic stability 218
Magnetic field gradients 70
Magnetic resonance (MR) 37
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) 74 194
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1 3 5 14 37 38 159 167 169—171 176 190 209—211
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fast data acquisition 175
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), flow imaging 65
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), intervention and 66 172
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic held for 41
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnets for 42 175
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), microscopy 80
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), pulsed-field 44
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) 75
Magnetic source imaging (MSI) 147—149 152 213 214
Magnetic source imaging (MSI), sensors for 148
Magnetocardiography (MCG) 147
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) 147
Mammography 14 15
Maximum a posteriori (MAP) method 99
Maximum entropy method 61 99 100 193 220
Maximum likelihood method 99 100 204
Measurement of electrical conductivity 144
Measurement of oxygen 67
Metz filter 100
Microscopic imaging 78
Microscopy 1
Minimally invasive surgery 168
Minimum mean squares error 100
Monte Carlo methods 52
Motion detection 189
Movement during data acquisition 29 66 193
Multi-dimensional data 187
Multiple coils 47 48 54
Multiple receivers 48
Neural networks 61 189
Newton's method 209 216
Noise 28 70 91 99 117 118 136 153 154 160
Noise, detector 153
Noise, patient-based 46
Noise, physiological 73
Noise, quantum 28
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging see "Magnetic resonance imaging"
Nuclear medicine imaging 89 90 95
Objective function 138
Optical tomography 158 161 207 208 216
Optical tomography, data collection for 158
Paramagnetic contrast agents 78
Parametric estimation techniques 59
Patient management 167
Perturbation theory 127
Phase aberration 124
Phase errors 57
Phase mapping methods 63 64 68
Phase-contrast MR imaging 62
Phased array system 123
Photomultiplier tubes 90 108
Photon attenuation and scatter 97
Physics-related artifacts 28
Positron emission tomography (PET) 3 105—114 117 119 148 159 160 203
Positron emission tomography (PET), data corrections 112
Positron emission tomography (PET), detector systems 108 112
Positron emission tomography (PET), detectors 109 117
Positron emission tomography (PET), efficiency 108
Positron emission tomography (PET), image reconstruction 113
Positron emission tomography (PET), scintillators for 109
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