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Butenhof D.R. — Programming with POSIX threads
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Íàçâàíèå: Programming with POSIX threadsÀâòîð: Butenhof D.R. Àííîòàöèÿ: This book offers an in-depth description of the IEEE operating system interface standard, POSIX® (Portable Operating System Interface) threads, commonly called Pthreads. Written for experienced C programmers, but assuming no previous knowledge of threads, the book explains basic concepts such as asynchronous programming, the lifecycle of a thread, and synchronization. You then move to more advanced topics such as attributes objects, thread-specific data, and realtime scheduling. An entire chapter is devoted to "real code," with a look at barriers, read/write locks, the work queue manager, and how to utilize existing libraries. In addition, the book tackles one of the thorniest problems faced by thread programmers-debugging-with valuable suggestions on how to avoid code errors and performance problems from the outset.
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Computer science /ßçûêè ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Ãîä èçäàíèÿ: 1997Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 381Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 11.11.2005Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
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Abort thread 361 aio_read 230 aio_write 230 Allocation domain 181—183 Amdahl's Law 21—22 297 ANSIC and cancellation 151 ANSIC and deadlocks 298 ANSIC and destructor functions 168 ANSIC and fork handlers 199—200 ANSIC and kernel entities 189—190 ANSIC and priority inversions 300 ANSIC and sequence races 296 ANSIC and signals 217 ANSIC and threading 24—25 ANSIC prototype for Pthread interfaces 310—346 ANSIC, library, runtime 284 ANSIC, void*, use of 311 See Apple Macintosh toolbox 23 asctime_r (function) 213 339—340 Assembly language and threading 24—25 Assembly line See Pipeline programming model Async-signal safe functions 198 234 Asynchronous and UNIX 9—11. See also Memory visibility Asynchronous cancelability 150—154 249 Asynchronous communication between processes 8 Asynchronous I/O operations 22—23 Asynchronous programming 8—12 15—21 Asynchronous sigwait 227—230 Asynchronous, definition of 2 4 atomicity 61 72—73 93 Attribute objects and detaching 37 43 231 Attribute objects, condition variable attributes 137—138 Attribute objects, definition of 134—135 Attribute objects, mutex attributes 135—136 185 Attribute objects, thread attributes 138—141 174 181 231 Bailing programmers, barriers analogy 242 Bailing programmers, cancellation analogy 143 Bailing programmers, condition variable analogy 71 Bailing programmers, mutex analogy 47—48 Bailing programmers, overview of 3—4 Bailing programmers, thread-specific data analogy 162—163 Barriers and synchronization, extended 242—253. See also Condition variables; Mutexes Barriers, definition of 241 Barriers, memory 92—95 Barriers, POSIX 1003.1j 358 Blocking threads 42 Broadcast and condition variables 72—76 80—82 Broadcast and memory visibility 89 Broadcast and work crews 109 C language See ANSI C Cache lines 304—305 Cancellation, asynchronous 150—154 249 Cancellation, cleanup handlers 147 154—161 Cancellation, deferred 147—150 249 Cancellation, definition of 142—147 Cancellation, fail-safe in POSIX 1003.1j 361 Cancellation, interfaces 323—325 Cancellation, points in XSH5 355—356 Cancellation, points, list of 147—148 Cancellation, state 143—144 Cancellation, type 143—144 Cleanup handlers 147 154—161 Client server programming model 120—129 clock_gettime (function) 13 CLOCK_MONOTONIC (value) 360 Code See Programs examples Communication See Condition variables Computing overhead and threads 26 Concurrency and parallelism 5—6 Concurrency, and thread implementation 190. See also Asynchronous; Threads Concurrency, benefit of threading 22—24 Concurrency, control functions, definition of 7—8 Concurrency, definition of 4—5 Concurrency, level in XSH5 351—353 Concurrency, serialization, avoidance of 302—303 Condition variables and blocked threads 42 Condition variables and client-server programming model 121 Condition variables and pipeline programming model 101 Condition variables and semaphores 237 Condition variables and thread-safety 6—7 Condition variables and work crew programming model 107. See also Barriers; Mutexes; Predicates; Signals Condition variables, as a synchronization mechanism 4 8 30 70—73 Condition variables, attributes 137—138 Condition variables, broadcasting 81—82 Condition variables, creating and destroying 74—76 Condition variables, definition of 8 Condition variables, interfaces 319—322 Condition variables, sharing, avoidance of 300 Condition variables, signaling 81—82 Condition variables, wait clock (POSIX 1003.1j) 359—361 Condition variables, waiting on 77—81 Condition variables, waking waiters 81—82 Contention scope 181—183 Context structure 6—7 critical sections 46 ctime_r (function) 213 340 DCE threads 154 290 353 Deadlocks and lock hierarchy 63—69 Deadlocks and signals 215 Deadlocks and thread-safe libraries 284—285. See also Priority inversions Deadlocks, avoidance of 26—27 297—299 Debugging, threads, and costs of threading 13 27—28 Debugging, threads, cache lines 304—305 Debugging, threads, concurrent serialization, avoidance of 302—303 Debugging, threads, condition variable sharing, avoidance of 300 Debugging, threads, deadlocks, avoidance of 297—299 Debugging, threads, introduction to 13 Debugging, threads, memory corrupters, avoidance of 301 Debugging, threads, mutexes, right number of 303—304 Debugging, threads, priority inversions, avoidance of 299—300 Debugging, threads, thread inertia, avoidance of 291—293 Debugging, threads, thread race, avoidance of 293—297 Debugging, threads, tools for 290 302. Default mutexes 349—351 Deferred cancelability 147—150 249 Destructor functions 167—172 Detach and multiple threads 17—19 Detach and thread attributes 138—141 Detach, creating and using threads 37—39 Detach, termination 43 Digital UNIX, detecting memory corrupters 301 Digital UNIX, mutex error detection and reporting 311 Digital UNIX, programming examples, introduction to 12—13 Digital UNIX, SIGEV-THREAD implementation 231 Digital UNIX, thread debugging library 290 Dijkstra, Edsger W. 47 Directory searching function 212 EAGAIN (error) 314 318 326 344 353 EBUSY (error) 49 58 65 318—321 345 EDEADLK (error) 32 318—319 346 EINTR (error) 346 EINVAL (error) 312—326 343—346 351—355 Encapsulation 24 75 ENOMEM (error) 313 317—321 326 336 ENOSPC (error) 345 ENOSYS (error) 312—316 344—346 ENXIO (error) 355 EOVERFLOW (error) 355 EPERM (error) 318 345 ERANGE (error) 210 341—342 errno 31—34 117 228 errno.h (header file) 32—33 errno_abort 33—34 Error detection and reporting 310—311 Errorcheck mutexes 349—351 Errors, EAGAIN 314 318 326 344 353 Errors, EBUSY 49 58 65 318—321 345 Errors, EDEADLK 32 318—319 346 Errors, EINTR 346 Errors, EINVAL 312—326 343—346 351—355 Errors, ENOMEM 313 317—321 326 336 Errors, ENOSPC 345 Errors, ENOSYS 312—316 344—346 Errors, ENXIO 355 Errors, EOVERFLOW 355 Errors, EPERM 318 345 Errors, ERANGE 210 341—342 Errors, ESPIPE 355 Errors, ESRCH 32 314 323 343 Errors, ETIMEDOUT 78 80 86 322 errors.h (header file) 13 err_abort 33—34 ESPIPE (error) 355 ESRCH (error) 32 314 323 343 ETIMEDOUT (error) 78 80 86 322 Events and concurrency 23—24 Events as a synchronization mechanism 8 exec 204 Execution context, architectural overview 30 Execution context, definition of 7—8 fgets (function) 14 flockfile (function) 121 205—207 336—337 Fork in asynchronous program 15 19 Fork, definition of 197—198 Fork, handlers 199—203 336 FTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT (value) 349—351 ftrylockfile (function) 207 337 funlockfile (function) 121 205—207 337 Gallmeister, Bill 294 getc (function) 207 getchar (function) 207 getchar_unlocked (function) 207—209 338 getc_unlocked (function) 207—208 337 getgrgid_r (function) 341 getgrnam_r (function) 341 getlogin_r (function) 210 339 getpwnam_r (function) 342 getpwuid_r (function) 342 gmtime_r (function) 340 Group and user database function 213—214 Hard realtime 172—173 I/O operations and blocked threads 42 I/O operations and cancellation points 148—149 I/O operations and concurrency 22—23 I/O operations, candidate for threads 29 I/O operations, parallel in XSH5 354—355 inheritsched (attribute) 138—141 176 Initial (main) thread and creation 40—42 Initial (main) thread, initialization, onetime 131—134 Initial (main) thread, overview of 36—37 Initial (main) thread, signal mask 216 Initialization 131—134 Invariants and condition variables 71 75 Invariants and mutexes 61—64. See also Predicates Invariants, definition of 45—46 Join 37—39 139 145 JPOSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE (option) 139 308 348 Kernel entities and contention scope thread 182 Kernel entities, implementation of 189 Kernel entities, many to few (two level) 193—195 Kernel entities, many to one (user level) 190—191 Kernel entities, one to one (kernel level) 191—193 Kernel entities, setting in XSH5 351—353 Libraries for debugging 290 Libraries, implementation 190 Libraries, legacy 285—287 Libraries, thread-safe 283—285 Light weight processes 1 limits.h (file header) 308 localtime_r (function) 340 LWP See Kernel entities Main (initial) thread and creation 40—42 Main (initial) thread, initialization, one time 131—134 Main (initial) thread, overview of 36—37 Main (initial) thread, signal mask 216 Many to few (two level) implementation 193—195 Many to one (user level) implementation 190—191 Memory, barriers 92—95 Memory, coherence 47 92 Memory, conflict 94 Memory, corrupters, avoidance of 301 Memory, leaks 198 Memory, ordering 48 90 92—93 Memory, stack guard size in XSH5 353—354 Memory, visibility 26 88—95 294 Message queues 30 Microsoft Windows 23 MIMD (multiple instruction, multiple data) 107 MPP (Massively Parallel Processor) 5 Multiprocessors and allocation domain 182 Multiprocessors and concurrency 1 4—5 Multiprocessors and deadlock 65 Multiprocessors and parallelism 5—6 20—22 Multiprocessors and thread implementation 191—193 Multiprocessors and thread inertia 291—293 Multiprocessors and thread race 293—297 Multiprocessors, candidate for threads 29 Multiprocessors, definition of 5 Multiprocessors, memory architecture 91—95 Multithreaded programming model See Threads Mutexes and atomicity 61 72—73 Mutexes and blocked threads 42 51 Mutexes and client-server programming model 121 Mutexes and deadlocks 26—27 63 66—69 297—299 Mutexes and invariants 61—64 Mutexes and pipeline programming model 100—101 Mutexes and thread-safety 6—7 62 Mutexes and work crew programming model 108—110. See also Barriers; Condition variables; Memory visibility; Mutexes, and semaphores 236 Mutexes, as a synchronization mechanism 8 30 Mutexes, attributes 135—136 Mutexes, creating and destroying 49—51 Mutexes, definition of 8 47—49 Mutexes, interfaces 316—319 Mutexes, lock chaining 70 Mutexes, lock hierarchy 63—70 Mutexes, locking and unlocking 52—58 Mutexes, multiple, use of 63—64 Mutexes, non-blocking locks 58—61 Mutexes, number of 303—304 Mutexes, priority ceiling 186—187 300 Mutexes, priority inheritance 186—188 300 307 Mutexes, priority inversions 26—27 63 184—186 299—300 Mutexes, priority-aware 185—186 Mutexes, sizing of 62—63 Mutexes, types in XSH5 349—351 Mutually exclusive See Mutexes Network servers and clients 22—23 Normal mutexes 349—351 NULL (value) 167 Object oriented programming and threading 25 One to one (kernel level) implementation 191—193 opaque 31 36 163 Open Software Foundation's Distributed Computing Environment 154 Paradigms 25 Parallel decomposition See Work crews Parallelism and asynchronous programming 11—12 Parallelism and thread-safety 6—7. See also Concurrency Parallelism, benefit of threading 20—25 Parallelism, candidate for threads 29 Parallelism, definition of 5—6 Performance and mutexes 62—63 Performance as a benefit of threading 20—22 Performance as a cost of threading 26 Performance, problems, avoidance of 302—305 Pipeline programming model 97—105 Pipes 30 Polymorphism 24 POSIX 1003, 1 (ISO/IEC 9945-1:1996) 29—30 POSIX 1003, 1-1990 31 209
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