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Avseth P., Mukerji T. — Quantitative seismic interpretation. Applying rock physics tools to reduce interpretation risk
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Íàçâàíèå: Quantitative seismic interpretation. Applying rock physics tools to reduce interpretation riskÀâòîðû: Avseth P., Mukerji T. Àííîòàöèÿ: Every year finding new oil is harder, riskier, and more expensive - a natural consequence of ils finiteness. As dictated by M. King Humbert's "peak," declines in discoveries and production are inevitable. Yet demand continues, forcing us to deeper water, more complex reservoirs, and smaller, more subtle oil fields.
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Ôèçèêà /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Ãîä èçäàíèÿ: 2005Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 359Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 27.03.2011Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
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34—38 see Acoustic impedance 104 236 278—295 see Adiabatic modulus see "Fluid properties" American polarity standard see "Polarity" Anisotropy, AVAZ 248 Anisotropy, Brown and Korringa relations for fluid substitution 21 Anisotropy, elastic 62 183—185 222—223 248—251 275 Anisotropy, elastic impedance, anisotropic 248—251 Anisotropy, Thomsen's parameters 184 248 Aspect ratio see "Inclusion models" Attenuation, layered media 188—189 Attenuation, scattering 188—190 Attenuation, seismic 190—191 see "Bisq "Squirt Autopicking 170 AVO 30 180—230 258—278 306—312 317—331 see value AVO, Aki — Richards approximation 182 283 AVO, attributes 211—218 327 AVO, classes 202—204 AVO, depth trends 227—229 AVO, fluid factor 215—216 AVO, inversion 201—202 AVO, parameters 200—201 AVO, Poisson reflectivity 214 AVO, pre-processing 191—195 320 AVO, probabilistic 225—230 AVO, Shuey approximation 182 265 275 276 302 309 AVO, three-term AVO 221—223 AVO, trends 204—210 AVO, ultra-far AVO 223—225 Backus average 117 129—130 275 Batzle — Wang relations 19 29 Bayes classification 147—159 163 277 285 294 327 Bayes classification, Bayes decision rule 149 Bayes classification, confusion matrix 141 Bayes classification, minimum Bayes error 151—152 156 Biot model 19 43 Bisq model 44 Bootstrap 141 Bounds, elastic 3—8 21 45 Bounds, Hashin — Shtrikman 6—8 11 13 43 56 58 61 62 Bounds, modified lower bound 13 56 61 62 63 66 103 Bounds, modified upper bound 11 58 90 Bounds, Reuss bound 5—6 7 8 11 22 60 62 63 70 Bounds, Voigt bound 5—6 7 63 90 Brie equation 24 Bright spot 169 174—175 Brown and Korringa 21 22 Bubble point 26 case studies 70—81 83—90 96—101 106—107 258—316 Castagna 320 329 see Cementation 11 84 92 324 see modified "Diagenesis" "Jizba's Cementation, cementation trend 11—15 43 Cementation, constant-cement model 13 58—59 72 80 Cementation, contact-cement model 12 44 52 57—58 72 88 96 98 104 Chemical compaction see "Diagenesis" Classification 323—328 see "Facies "Statistical Clay 17 30 60—62 see "Han's "Models rock Clay minerals 60 Compaction 11 13 25 28 90—95 306 Confusion matrix 141 145 Constant-cement model 13 58—59 72 80 Constant-clay model 13 52 53 62 312 Contact models 44 55 Contact-cement model 12 44 52 57—58 72 88 96 98 104 Converted waves 245—248 317 Coordination number 55 57 92 98 Critical porosity 2 9 54 60 62 63 98 306 Cross-plot analysis 101—107 202—211 319 321 326 Cumulative distribution functions 113 Deposition 8 see Deposition, depositional trends 11 Depth trends 50 90—95 227—229 306—312 319 323—325 330 see Derived distributions 117 124 Diagenesis 1 11 28 51—70 90—95 see "Compaction" Diagenesis, diagenetic trends 9 10 11—15 Diagenesis, pressure solution 11 13 92 Dim spot 169 174—175 318 Discriminant analysis 140—145 163 dispersion 20—21 see Dispersion, Biot model 19 43 Dispersion, Bisq model 44 Dispersion, squirt model 20 44 Drainage 23 Drained condition 19 Dry rock 19 Dvorkin — Gutierrez models, shaly sand model 53 66 Dvorkin — Gutierrez models, silty shale model 53 61 Effective stress see "Pressure effects" Effective-medium models see "Models rock Empirical relations, Batzle — Wang relations 19 29 Empirical relations, Brie equation 23 Empirical relations, coordination number 55 Empirical relations, Gardner relations 215 Empirical relations, Greenberg — Castagna relations 38 321 Empirical relations, Han relations 2 9—10 11 13 30 63 Empirical relations, Raiga — Clemenceau relation 2 11 Empirical relations, Raymer — Hunt — Gardner relation 2 11 Empirical relations, Wyllie time average 2 11 see rock " entropy 132—135 European polarity standard see "Polarity" Facies interpretation 50 81—90 125 177 258—316 317 323—328 Far-offset impedance 30 41 104 236—243 278—295 317 Field examples see "Case studies" Flat spot 175—176 220 324 Flaw of averages 117—119 Fluid factor 215—216 Fluid properties 19 28 311 see "Suspension" Fluid properties, adiabatic modulus 19 Fluid properties, Batzle — Wang relations 19 29 Fluid properties, isothermal modulus 19 Fluid substitution 15—24 42—43 258—316 321 Fluid substitution, Brie equation 24 Fluid substitution, Brown and Korringa relations 21 22 Fluid substitution, Gassmann relations 3 15—24 34 43 64 324 Focusing see "Overburden effects" Frequentist 113 Friable-sand model 52 58 60 63 72 84 88 263 312 Gardner relations 215 Gassmann 3 15—24 34 43 64 324 see Geostatistics 124 125 131—132 233 288—293 328 Granular-medium models 4 44 51—70 see rock Greenberg — Castagna 38 321 Han 2 9—10 11 13 30 63 Hard event 169 171—172 318 Hashin — Shtrikman bounds see "Bounds elastic" Hertz — Mindlin theory 55 95 100 103 307 324 see Heuristic models 46 see modified "Bounds modified Imbibition 23 Impedance inversion 195 234—243 see Inclusion models 2 4 15 20 44 54 Increasing-cement model 52 Information theory 41 132 Information theory, value of additional information 113 119—123 Interference see "Tuning" Intrinsic variability 126 153 inversion 230—252 Inversion, hybrid inversion 240 Inversion, impedance inversion 234—243 278—295 Isostrain 5 Isostress 5 22 Isothermal modulus see "Fluid properties" Jackknife 141 Jizba's cemented shaly sand model 53 58 67 81 Kernel density estimators 114 128 Kuster and Toksoez model 44 Lambda-mu analysis 30 41 104 243—245 Lame parameters 41 243—245 317 Laminated sand-shale model 53 69 84 Lithofacies see "Facies interpretation" Lithology substitution 42—43 321 Mahalanobis distance 140 264 272 285 297 311 Markov chains 129 130 136 Models, Biot model 19 43 Models, Bisq model 44 Models, Brown and Korringa relations 21 22 Models, computational models 45 Models, constant-cement model 13 58—59 72 80 Models, constant-clay model 13 52 53 62 312 Models, contact models 44 55 Models, contact-cement model 12 44 52 57—58 72 88 96 98 104 Models, critical porosity model 2 9 Models, Dvorkin — Gutierrez shaly sand model 53 66 Models, Dvorkin — Gutierrez silty shale model 53 Models, friable-sand model 52 58 60 63 72 84 263 312 Models, Gassmann relations 3 15—24 34 43 64 324 Models, granular-medium models 4 51—70 Models, Hertz — Mindlin model 55 95 100 103 307 324 Models, inclusion models 2 4 15 20 44 54 Models, increasing-cement model 52 Models, Jizba's cemented shaly sand model 53 58 67 81 Models, Kuster — Toksoez model 44 Models, laminated sandy shale model 69 84 Models, rock physics 43—45 51—70 Models, shales 60—62 78 79 see Models, soft sediment model 52 58 60 63 72 84 Models, squirt model 20 44 Models, Yin — Marion shaly sand model 53 64 260 Models, Yin — Marion silty shale model 53 260 see Modified lower bound see "Heuristic models" Modified upper bound see "Heuristic models" Monte Carlo simulation 119 124 127 136—138 283 309 324 see Net-to-gross 179—180 Neural networks 159—162 163 165 Nonparametric density estimation 114 115 O'Doherty — Anstey formula 188—189 Overburden effects 187 268 275 Overpressure 90 221 see P-to-S impedance see "Converted waves" Partial saturation see "Saturation" Patchy saturation 23 Penny-shaped cracks see "Inclusion models" Poisson reflectivity 214 Polarity 169 Polarity, American polarity standard 170 Polarity, European polarity standard 170 Polarization attributes 217—218 Pore stiffness 3 15 Pore-fluid properties see "Fluid properties" Pressure effects 24—29 34 Pressure solution see "Diagenesis" Principal component analysis 145—146 probability 113 Probability density functions 113—117 147 Probability mass function 113 Raiga — Clemenceau 2 11 Random variables 113 Raymer — Hunt — Gardner 2 11 Reflection coefficient 182 185 245 248 Residual gas 218—219 246 Resolution 172—173 Reuss see "Bounds elastic" Rock physics bottle-neck 39 Rock physics diagnostics 50 326 Rock physics templates 50 101—107 251 312—316 317 321 322—323 331 Rock physics What ifs 42—43 320—322 see "Lithology RPT see "Rock physics templates" Saturation 34 321 Saturation, Brie equation 24 Saturation, partial saturation 22—24 246 Saturation, patchy saturation 23 Saturation, uniform saturation 22 Scattering 188—190 Scattering, O'Doherty — Anstey formula 188—189 Sedimentation 1 11 51—70 see Seismic modeling 252—256 Shale-sand cross-over 91 100 170 Shales 60—62 78 91 see "Models rock Shaly sands 62—70 78 see "Models rock Shear attributes, value of 30—42 119—123 261 Shuey approximation see "AVO Shuey Simulation, stochastic 131 136—138 Soft event 169 171—172 318 Soft sediment model 52 58 60 63 72 84 Sorting, sorting trend 11—15 54—57 58 75 104 Squirt model 20 44 Statistical classification 124 130 138—165 Statistical classification, Bayesian classification 147—159 Statistical classification, discriminant analysis 140—145 Statistical classification, neural networks 159—162 Statistical rock physics 111—167 263—266 269—274 277—312 321 324 325—328 see "Statistical Stratigraphic interpretation 177—179 see Subjective 113 see Suspension 5 8 13 60 Thomsen's parameters 184 248 Transmissivity 188 tuning 173—174 179 185—187 268 269 275 301 319 Turbidite systems 1 70—81 83—90 258—306 312—316 Uncertainty, uses of 112 Upscaling 129—130 147 Velocity-porosity 2—15 see "Models rock Voigt see "Bounds elastic" Walther's law 82 127 276 Wavelet 169 192 234 see What ifs see "Rock physics What" workflows 123—124 317—331 Wyllie time average 2 11 Yin — Marion models 260 Yin — Marion models, shaly sand model 53 64 Yin — Marion models, silty shale model 53
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