This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-workshop proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Anticipatory Behavior in Adaptive Learning Systems, ABiALS 2006, held in Rome, Italy, in September 2006, in association with SAB 2006, the 9th International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior.

The 20 revised full papers presented were carefully selected during two rounds of reviewing and improvement for inclusion in the book. The introductory chapter of this state-of-the-art survey not only provides an overview of the contributions included in this volume but also proposes a taxonomy of how anticipatory mechanisms can improve adaptive behavior and learning in cognitive systems. The papers are organized in topical sections on anticipatory aspects in brains, language, and cognition, individual anticipatory frameworks, learning predictions and anticipations, anticipatory individual behavior, as well as anticipatory social behavior.