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Chandrasekhar S. — Liquid Crystals

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Название: Liquid Crystals

Автор: Chandrasekhar S.

Аннотация:

This is a new and greatly revised edition of Professor Chandrasckhar's classic book Liquid crystals, first published in 1977. In this second edition the author has brought the subject completely up to date.
The subject of liquid crystals has now grown to become an exciting interdisciplinary field of research with important practical applications. This book presents a systematic and self-contained treatment of the physics of the different types of (hcrmolropic liquid crystals the three classical types, nemalic, cholesteric and smeclic, composed of rod-shaped molecules, and the newly discovered discotic type composed of disc-shaped molecules. The coverage includes a description of the structures of these four main types and their polymorphic modifications, their thermo-dynamical. optical and mechanical properties and their behaviour under external fields. The basic principles underlying the major applications of liquid crystals in display technology (for example, the twisted and supertwisted nemalic devices, the surface stabilized ferroelectric device. etc.) and in thermography are also discussed.

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Рубрика: Физика/

Статус предметного указателя: Готов указатель с номерами страниц

ed2k: ed2k stats

Издание: Second Edition

Год издания: 1992

Количество страниц: 460

Добавлена в каталог: 23.10.2009

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Предметный указатель

Fluctuations, director fluctuations in smectic C      367
Fluctuations, lattice fluctuations in the columnar phase      397—398
Fluctuations, layer fluctuations in smectic A      312—314
Fluctuations, Peierls-Landau instability      312—314 398
Fluctuations, pretransitional fluctuations, near the cholesteric-isotropic transition      289—293
Fluctuations, pretransitional fluctuations, near the nematic-isotropic transition      66—68
Fluctuations, pretransitional fluctuations, near the smectic A-cholesteric transition      349
Fluctuations, pretransitional fluctuations, near the smectic A-nematic transition      342
Fluctuations, pretransitional fluctuations, near the smectic C smectic A transition      371
Fluctuations, pretransitional fluctuations, near the smectic C-nematic transition      378
Frank constants      see “Under elastic constants”
Free energy of elastic deformation      see “Continuum theory”
Free standing monodomain smectic films, studies on      360—364
Freedericksz effect in nematics, dynamical theory      161—167
Freedericksz effect in nematics, static theory      98—101
Freedericksz effect in smectic C      365
Freely suspended monodomain discotic strands, studies on      389—393
Ginsburg criterion      371
Ginsburg-Pitaevskii equation      373
Goldstone mode in ferroelectric (smectic C*) liquid crystals      382—384
Grandjean-Cano pattern      219 257—258 349
Hard particle theories, Andrew's method      37
Hard particle theories, Flory's lattice model      36
Hard particle theories, hard rods with semiflexible tails      37
Hard particle theories, Onsager's theory      31
Hard particle theories, scaled particle theory      36—37
Hard particle theories, stiffening of the tails as a mechanism for reentrance      357—358
Hard particle theories, summary of theories      37 411
Hard particle theories, Zwanzig's model      31—36
Helfrich deformation in cholesterics (square grid pattern)      281—289
Helfrich deformation in columnar liquid crystals      400
Helfrich deformation in smectic A      314—315
Helfrich walls      135
Helfrich's model of permeation      270—271 321
Helfrich's theory of electrohydrodynamic instabilities in nematics      181—187
Hexatic phases      6
Hexatic phases, normal and tilted types      301
Hexatic phases, X-ray studies of the degree of bond-orientational ordering      360—364
Homeotropic orientation      6 106
Homogeneous (or planar) orientation      6 104—105
Homogeneous (or planar) orientation, orienting effect of grooves      104—105
Hybrid models: hard rods with a superposed attractive potential      60—61
Hydrodynamics of liquid crystals general formulation by Martin, Parodi and Pershan      319 367—368
Hydrodynamics of nematics, cholesterics, smectics and discotics      see “Continuum theory” “Flow
Induced discotic phases      12
Induced smectic phases      358
Isotherms      22—24 37 73
Landau-de Gennes model      613
Landau-Ginsburg free energy      342
Landau-Ginsburg parameter      358
Laser light beating spectroscopy      177 319 321 367
Lennard-Jones potential      21 22
Leslie coefficients      97—98 260
Lifshitz point      374—375
Light scattering, columnar liquid crystals      400
Light scattering, nematics, dependence on temperature      59—60
Light scattering, nematics, depolarization      171
Light scattering, nematics, determination of elastic constants      172 347
Light scattering, nematics, determination of viscosity coefficients      176
Light scattering, nematics, eigenmodes and power spectrum      172—177
Light scattering, nematics, intensity and angular dependence      170—172
Light scattering, nematics, orientational vs density fluctuations      171
Light scattering, nematics, scattering from the free surface      82—83
Light scattering, nematics, scattering from the isotropic phase      66—68
Light scattering, smectic A, contribution of the undulation modes      317—322
Light scattering, smectic A, determination of the damping rate      320—322
Light scattering, smectic C, angular dependence of the intensity and damping rate      366—367
Liquid crystal display devices      see “Applications”
Living systems      14
Lyotropic systems, aerosol-OT-water system      12
Lyotropic systems, plant virus preparations      8
Lyotropic systems, poly-y-benzyl-glutamate in organic solvents      13 113—114 217—218
Lyotropic systems, sufractant-water compositions, soaps      8 12
Lyotropic systems, types of molecular packing      12—14
Magnetic birefringence (Cotton-Mouton constant)      62—67
Magnetic coherence length      101 135 194 278 312
Magnetic field effects in cholesterics cholesteric-nematic (unwinding) transition      277—280
Magnetic field effects in cholesterics square grid pattern      281—6 see also “Electric field induced distortions”
Magnetoclinic effect      371—372
Maier-Saupe theory of nematics      38—51 70—71
Maier-Saupe theory of nematics, applications, binary mixtures      51
Maier-Saupe theory of nematics, applications, dependence of elastic constants on the order parameter      57—60
Maier-Saupe theory of nematics, applications, dielectric anisotropy      51—56
Maier-Saupe theory of nematics, applications, odd-even effect      47—51
Maier-Saupe theory of nematics, extension of the theory to cholesterics      298
Maier-Saupe theory of nematics, extension of the theory to discotics      394—397
Maier-Saupe theory of nematics, extension of the theory to smectic A (McMillan's model)      302—309
Maier-Saupe theory of nematics, limitations of the theory      47—49 70—71
Mauguin-Oseen-de Vries model      237—241
MBBA, backflow effects      165
MBBA, disclination patterns      122
MBBA, electrohydrodynamic distortions      180 183—184
MBBA, flexoelectric coefficients      207—209
MBBA, flow birefringence      71
MBBA, heats of transition      26
MBBA, light scattering studies, in nematic phase      60
MBBA, light scattering studies, in the isotropic phase      67—68
MBBA, magnetic birefringence      64
MBBA, mixtures with cholesterics, dependence of pitch on composition      298
MBBA, molecular orientation at free surface      83
MBBA, oblique rolls in electrohydrodynamic patterns      211
MBBA, roll instability threshold      198
MBBA, thermal instability      202 205
MBBA, torque in a rotating magnetic field      148
MBBA, transverse pressure and secondary flow      158
MBBA, viscosity (or Leslie) coefficients      155
MBBA, volume change at transition      26
McMillan's model of smectic A      302—309
Melting of inert gas crystals, Lennard-Jones and Devonshire model      17—19
Melting of molecular crystals, Pople-Karasz model      19—27
Mesomorphic groups, Hermann's classification      8
Mesomorphism, thermotropic and lyotropic      1
Metallomesogens      389 414
Miesowicz's viscosity coefficients      144—145 155
Miscibility criterion      300
Molecular field      38
Molecular flexibility      37 41 48—52 see
Molecular statistical theories, cholesterics      298
Molecular statistical theories, discotics      394—397
Molecular statistical theories, nematics      17—61 71—80
Molecular statistical theories, smectic A      302—309
Molecular statistical theories, smectic C      364
Monotropic transition      14 16 379
Multicritical point, nematic-smectic A-smectic C (NAC)      374—378
Multicritical point, nematic-smectic A-smectic C (NAC), Chen-Lubensky model      375—378
Multicritical point, nematic-smectic A-smectic C (NAC), high resolution X-ray calorimetric and light scattering studies      378
Multicritical point, nematic-smectic A-smectic C (NAC), topology of phase diagram in the temperature-concentration and pressure-temperature planes      374 376
Near neighbour correlations, antiparallel (or antiferroelectric) correlation      75—78
Near neighbour correlations, Bethe approximation      71
Near neighbour correlations, correlation lacking a centre of inversion      289
Near neighbour correlations, Krieger-James approximation      72—73
Near neighbour correlations, short range order parameter      75
Nematic liquid crystals      1—3 8—10
Nematic-isotropic transition, Bethe approximation      71—80
Nematic-isotropic transition, effect of pressure      27—30 46—47
Nematic-isotropic transition, Landau-de Gennes model      61—63
Nematic-isotropic transition, latent heat      15—16 26 47
Nematic-isotropic transition, Maier-Saupe theory      38—48
Nematic-isotropic transition, molecular statistical theories      17—48
Nematic-isotropic transition, pressure-induced mesomorphism      28—30
Nematic-isotropic transition, short range order effects      61—70
Nematic-isotropic transition, volume change      26 45
Nematics as solvents      39 146
Nematics, dynamic effects      161—167
Nematics, effect on electrohydrodynamic, hydrodynamic and thermal instabilities      179 194 196 201 205
Nematics, rotating magnetic field      144—148
Nematics, static effects      98—104 106—109 152—155
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies      39 61 308—309 392
Odd-even effect      48 51
Onsager's reciprocal relations      69 94

Onsager's theory of dielectric polarization      52
Onsager's theory of the hard rod fluid      31
Optical properties of cholesterics, absorbing systems      220—222 232—236
Optical properties of cholesterics, analogy with Darwin's dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction      222—232
Optical properties of cholesterics, Borrmann effect      232—236
Optical properties of cholesterics, equivalence of the continuum and dynamical theories      241—245
Optical properties of cholesterics, exact solution of the wave equation: the Mauguin Oseen-de Vries model      237—241
Optical properties of cholesterics, oblique incidence      245—247
Optical properties of cholesterics, propagation along the helical axis      213—245
Optical properties of cholesterics, propagation normal to the helical axis      247—248
Optical properties of cholesterics, rotatory power, reflectivity and circular dichroism as functions of wavelength, pitch and sample thickness      217—220 227—232 239—241
Optical textures, cholesterics, droplets with a $\chi$ -line of strength      2 442
Optical textures, cholesterics, fingerprint texture      255—256
Optical textures, cholesterics, Grandjean-Cano pattern      258
Optical textures, cholesterics, helical configurations of disclination pairs      143 249—251
Optical textures, columnar liquid crystals, texture showing two orthogonal $\pi$ disclinations      410
Optical textures, nematics, disclination loops      127—128
Optical textures, nematics, schlieren textures (structures a noyaux)      6 30 117—120 365 412
Optical textures, nematics, singular points      129—132
Optical textures, nematics, threads      7—8
Optical textures, nematics, umbilics      136—138
Optical textures, smectic A, batonnets      30 333
Optical textures, smectic A, fan-shaped and polygonal textures      9 331
Optical textures, smectic A, focal conic textures      9 30 327—333
Optical textures, smectic A, stepped drop (goutte a gradins)      332
Optical textures, smectic A, toric domains      329
Optical textures, smectic C, edge dislocations      370
Optical textures, smectic C, toric domains      329
Order parameter, complex order parameter, smectic A      340
Order parameter, complex order parameter, smectic C      370
Order parameter, orientational order parameter, $<{P}_{4}>$ from polarized Raman studies      48—49
Order parameter, orientational order parameter, curves      40 45 75 77 303—305 308—309
Order parameter, orientational order parameter, definition      38—41
Order parameter, orientational order parameter, experimental determination of $<{P}_{2}>$       39—40 308—309
Order parameter, orientational order parameter, short range order parameter      74—75 77
Order parameter, orientational order parameter, variation near an interface      82 211
Order parameter, positional order parameter in melting theory      23—24
Order parameter, translational order parameter, amplitude of one-dimensional density wave (smectic A)      303—305 307 340
Order parameter, translational order parameter, density wave in two dimensions (columnar phase)      395
Orientation distribution function in MBBA derived from Raman studies      49
Oseen's equation of motion for the director      87
Oseen-Zoecker-Frank elasticity equations      94—97
p-azoxyanisole      see “PAA”
p-azoxyphenetole      see “PAP”
PAA, comparison of properties with hard rod and hybrid model calculations      37 60
PAA, dielectric constants      53
PAA, dielectric dispersion      56
PAA, dipole moment      55
PAA, electrohydrodynamic distortions      178
PAA, flow birefringence      69—71
PAA, heat of transition and volume change      26
PAA, Leslie coefficients      150
PAA, light scattering studies      59 66—68 83 172 176
PAA, lines of constant order parameter vs. ln V and ln T      46
PAA, magnetic and electric birefringence      62—65
PAA, Miesowicz coefficients      146
PAA, molar volume at the transition      44
PAA, molecular orientation at the free surface      83
PAA, molecular structure      15
PAA, orientational order parameter      27 40
PAA, P-T diagram and other pressure studies      28 46
PAA, PA A + cholesteryl nonanoate, Borrmann effect in      236
PAA, Poiseuille flow      150—153
PAA, surface tension      81
PAA, torque in a rotating magnetic field (Tsvetkov's experiment)      148
PAA, transitions      15
PAA, twist elastic constant      104 see also “4 4'-di-n-alkoxyazoxybenzenes”
PAP, heat of transition and volume change      26
PAP, light scattering studies      59
PAP, Miesowicz coefficients      146
PAP, orientational order parameter      27
PAP, twist elastic constant      104 see also “4 4'-di-n-alkoxyazoxybenzenes”
Parodi's relation      93 98
Penetration depth      314 322 342 398
Phase diagrams      28—29 291 295 306 353—356 376 397
Planar structure      see “Homogeneous orientation”
Plastic crystals      22
Poiseuille flow      148—152 157—159 268—269 270—273
Polymorphism in smectic A      350—352
Polymorphism in smectic C      364—365
Polymorphism in thermotropics      14—16
Pressure studies      27—29 46—47 297 356 372 374—376
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of cholesteric-isotropic transition: anomalous optical rotation in the isotropic phase      289—293
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of cholesteric-isotropic transition: coherence lengths      293
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of nematic-isotropic transition: Bethe approximation      71—80
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of nematic-isotropic transition: coherence length      68
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of nematic-isotropic transition: flow birefringence      69—71
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of nematic-isotropic transition: Landau-de Gennes model      61—63
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of nematic-isotropic transition: light scattering studies      66—68
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of nematic-isotropic transition: magnetic and electric birefringence      63—66 see also “Near neighbour correlations”
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of smectic A-cholesteric transition: analogy with the behaviour of a superconductor in a magnetic field      348—349
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of smectic A-cholesteric transition: critical divergence of the pitch      349—350
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of smectic A-nematic transition: critical divergence of twist and bend elastic constants      343
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of smectic A-nematic transition: critical divergence of viscosity coefficients      345
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of smectic A-nematic transition: critical exponents      347
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of smectic A-nematic transition: high resolution X-ray, light scattering, specific heat and other studies      347
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of smectic A-nematic transition: Landau-Ginsburg description      341—342
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of smectic A-nematic transition: longitudinal and transverse coherence lengths      343
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of smectic C*-smectic A transition: critical variation of the frequencies, dielectric strengths and viscosities associated with the soft mode and Goldstone mode      384
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of smectic C*-smectic A transition: generalized Landau theory      386
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of smectic C*-smectic A transition: temperature dependence of tilt angle, polarization, pitch, electroclinic effect, dielectric constant      381—383
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of smectic C-nematic transition: Chen-Lubensky model      374—378
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of smectic C-nematic transition: critical divergence of the splay, twist and bend constants      378
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of smectic C-smectic A transition: Landau mean field description      370—372
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of smectic C-smectic A transition: transition induced by layer compression      372
Pretransition effects in the vicinity of smectic C-smectic A transition: variation of tilt angle, specific heat, magnetoclinic effect near the transition      370—372
Raman scattering studies, determination of the orientational order parameter $<{P}_{4}>$       48—49
Reentrant phenomenon: in binary mixtures of polar compounds      355
Reentrant phenomenon: in discotics      394
Reentrant phenomenon: in non-polar materials      358
Reentrant phenomenon: in pure polar compounds at elevated pressures      356
Reentrant phenomenon: molecular models      357
Reentrant phenomenon: multiple reentrance      357
Rotational transitions in crystals      19
Second sound      324—326 402 404
Shear flow      69 152—157 195—201 274—277 383
Shear waves, reflexion of      159—161
Short-range order      see “Near neighbour correlations” “Pretransition
Smectic A      6 301 341
Smectic A* or the twist grain boundary phase: example of a compound which shows this phase      359
Smectic A* or the twist grain boundary phase: structure of smectic A*      359
Smectic A* or the twist grain boundary phase: X-ray and optical studies      359—360
Smectic A, absence of true long range translational order      321
Smectic A, high resolution X-ray scattering studies      313—314
Smectic A, polymorphic forms of smectic A and transitions between them      351—355 see “Defects” “Optical
Smectic A-nematic transition: complex order parameter      340
Smectic A-nematic transition: influence of twist and bend distortions on the transition      358—359
Smectic A-nematic transition: McMillan's molecular model      302—309
Smectic A-nematic transition: phenomenological theory      340—341
Smectic A-nematic transition: review of theoretical situation and its comparison with experiment      347
Smectic A-nematic transition: tricritical point      309 341
Smectic C*-smectic A transition, generalized Landau theory      386 see
Smectic C*: applications optical modulators      386—387
Smectic C*: applications surface stabilized ferroelectric LCDs      386—387
Smectic C*: applications tunable colour filters      386—387
Smectic C*: description of the structure and the origin of ferroelectricity      378—380
Smectic C*: director modes, the soft mode and the Goldston mode      382
Smectic C*: electric field effects      380
Smectic C*: electroclinic effect      380
Smectic C*: measurements of the tilt angle, spontaneous polarization, pitch, dielectric constant and dispersion      381—383
Smectic C*: optical properties      379
Smectic C*: rotational viscosity measurements      382—383
Smectic C-smectic A transition: complex order parameter and the helium analogy      370
Smectic C-smectic A transition: Landau mean field theory      370—371 see also “Under pretransition effects”
Smectic C: molecular models      364
Smectic C: optical biaxiality      363
Smectic C: polymorphic forms in polar systems      365
Smectic C: structure and symmetry      362
Smectic C: temperature dependence of tilt angle      363
Smectic C: tilt and bond orientational order      363—364 see also “Under continuum theory” “Defects” “Textures”

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