This rich two-volume reference presents the history and current state of research for a broad range of topics. Written by experts in the field, the articles are lengthy; but the content is directed toward educated general readers and will be useful to undergraduate students. The broad themes of methods, challenges, interfaces, components, breakthroughs, and approaches are addressed in articles on such topics as avatars, browsers, data mining, digital cash, embedded systems; digital divide, hackers, identity authentication, privacy, security, and viruses; fly-by-wire, haptics, multiuser interfaces, olfactory interaction, and smart homes; WYSIWYG, N- grams, fonts, Braille, and peer-to-peer architecture; Altair, Alto, Arpanet, and ENIAC; and ethics, task analysis, and website design. Each article concludes with a list of references. Appendices comprise a bibliography, a glossary, and a list of books, movies, and other popular media representations of HCI. The majority of the 175 contributors are academics in the US; editor Bainbridge is with the National Science Foundation