This book provides molecular biology laboratories with the most powerful techniques for employing in vitro transcription and translation systems. Detailed experimental protocols are provided for prokaryotic transcription and translation systems, along with protocols for the many techniques used in the analysis of eukaryotic transcription. The collection is unique in that it also contains protocols for core techniques that use the products of in vitro transcription and translation systems, such as protein import into mitochondria and chloroplasts and structure–function studies. Also covered are core techniques in the analysis of promoters and transcription factors.