This book largely reflects how I think findings from the components of the complete urinalysis (urine physical properties, urine chemistry, and urine microscopy) can best be clinically integrated and interpreted. My clinical experience combined with an extensive review of the literature informs much of this interpretation, but high-quality evidence may not be available to support some of my opinions, conclusions, and recommendations. I have tried to be clear where my expe- rience and opinion are the primary support for a conclusion. Basic to advanced information is provided in most chapters. References are extensive by design, as many of the references are old and difficult to find. This book has been written largely from a urine-centric view, meaning that findings from urine are featured first and then other data from cytology or histo- pathology, hematology, serum biochemistry, and imaging are integrated afterward.