Late Qing China witnessed a revolution in print journalism. Modern newspapers and magazines written for Chinese audiences first appeared in the 1850s and 1860s in Hong Kong and in treaty port cities such as Guangzhou and Shanghai. Foreign missionaries and entrepreneurs owned and published most of these publications, but the so-called Hundred Days’ Reform movement between 1895 and 1898 saw a sudden surge in the publication of Chinese-owned reform newspapers and magazines throughout the country. Emperor Guangxu initiated this development when he encouraged Chinese to publish their own periodicals in order to better communicate with and educate the public. The new reform publications were a crucial part of the Hundred Days’ Reform and helped change the public’s perception of and relationship to the new, modern media.