Noam Chomsky started a revolution in human self- understanding and reshaped the intellectual landscape to this day by showing how all languages have deep features in com- mon. Gone or at least retreating is the idea that the mind is a blank slate. In its wake, fierce debates have broken out about what the mind is and how it works. At stake are some of the most urgent questions facing researchers today: ques- tions about the relationship between brain, mind, and culture; about how human universals express themselves in individual minds and lives; about reason, consciousness, and the emo- tion; about where cultures get their values and how those val- ues fit our underlying predispositions.