This book is the result of our research work at the Institute of Technology Management (ITEM-HSG) at the University of St. Gallen, Switzerland. The work offered us the opportunity of collaborating closely with companies from various industries and academic institutions over the last twelve years. The interdisciplinary nature of the research, and being able to focus on addressing actual business problems, is truly appreciated. Our work was only possible because of the contribution of several companies and industrial partners, who kindly provided us with the case studies that we required. We are indebted to the company representatives and thank them for their valuable time, support, commitment and feedback.