Manufacture of liquid crystal displays uses some of the most complex and advanced
manufacturing techniques. In active matrix displays, TFT circuits are uniformly
manufactured at resolution limits of a micron or less on substrates several square
metres in area. In most types of liquid crystal displays, liquid crystal molecules
are aligned with high precision in directions parallel and perpendicular to the display substrate. This is usually done by a method which has been in use since the
discovery of substrate-aligned layers – rubbing.