The two-volume set LNCS 4791 and LNCS 4792 constitute the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2007, held in Brisbane, Australia, in October/November 2007. The program committee carefully selected 38 revised full papers and 199 revised poster papers from 637 submissions for presentation in two volumes, based on rigorous peer reviews. The first volume contains 120 contributions related to diffusion tensor imaging and computing, cardiac imaging and robotics, image segmentation and classification, image guided intervention and robotics, general medical image computing, computer assisted intervention and robotics, computational anatomy, computational physiology, innovative clinical and biological applications, physiology and physics-based image computing, brain atlas computing, and simulation of therapy. The second volume includes 117 papers related to computer assisted intervention and robotics, visualization and interaction, neuroscience image computing, computational anatomy, innovative clinical and biological applications, spectroscopic and cellular imaging, spatio-temporal registration, general medical image computing, general biological imaging computing, computational physiology.