Performance-Based Design (PBD) is increasingly employed recently in structural design of buildings
and infrastructural facilities in many countries. However, PBD has not yet been established
sufficiently in geotechnical engineering practice. Seismically induced ground deformation essential
to performance design is not easy to evaluate mainly because, in contrast to superstructures,
the ground is a 3-dimensional continuum with tremendous spatial variability and its stress-strain
relationship is strongly nonlinear with dilatancy effect.