Mathematical modeling is a multidisciplinary endeavor that applies mathe￾matical techniques to study real-world phenomena such as physical, chemical,
biological, and economical processes. The quantities of a process of interest
are often expressed as variables, while their interactions are often expressed as
mathematical relationships or model equations, based on fundamental phys￾ical laws such as mass and energy conservation. Such mathematical models
can be partial differential equations (PDEs), statistical relationships, or rule￾based descriptions, though PDEs are mostly widely used.