This paper was presented as the first annual John Gerhart Memorial Lecture at the conference of the Africa Genome Initiative held in Cairo in March 2004. In Africa in the Age of Biology, Dr James discusses Africa's long history of scientific, technological and mathematical enterprise, from tokens of the very earliest counting by humans to the sum of knowledge brought to bear in the construction of the pyramids. But he focuses on the challenges of today, and tomorrow, which he suggests Africa's leaders and scholars dare not overlook. Dr James argues that Africa stands challenged to act on its own initiative to focus investment beyond the scale of NEPAD's initiatives, provide political leadership and direct scholarly attention on making the most of genetic developments for the benefit of its populations.