This report makes available the findings of an international group of experts that provide WHO with the latest scientific and technical advice in the area of product regulation. This second report presents policy recommendations on the topics of: smokeless tobacco products and their health effects, and implications for harm reduction and research needs; "fire safer" cigarettes and approaches to reduced ignition propensity; mandated lowering of toxicants in cigarette smoke, such as tobacco specific nitrosamines and other constituents; and, cigarette machine smoking regimens. The Study Group intends this new set of recommendations to be useful to WHO Member States, and national policymakers and regulators in shaping tobacco control policy.