In this book, I wanted to emphasize three points: The first is that readers should appreciate how much effort is required for new findings to become common knowledge. The contents of one chapter in this book may be condensed into one sentence or one page in a standard textbook. On the other hand, this book describes how science actually evolves. This cannot be learned in a textbook. The second is that readers will learn that a major advance in a scientific field requires a new synthesis of observed facts. The third point is that there are many long-standing, unsolved problems in advancing solar-terrestrial physics that are waiting for new ways of thinking by young researchers. When readers find my own views strongly expressed on the present paradigms, they might infer that the problems are not yet solved, although the standard textbooks may imply they are understood as basic knowledge. My views are only intended to initiate new ways of thinking. I am also hoping that this book would have a narrative feel rather than a textbook "drowned-by-equations" feel, and that it will be read like a history book. Nevertheless, I hoped it would still provide younger researchers an accurate portrayal of the background required to pursue magnetospheric physics and solar physics.