This book is intended for graduate or advanced students as well as for professionals in physics and chemistry, and covers the fundamental concepts of statistical physics and physical kinetics. These concepts are supported by an examination of contemporary problems for the simplest systems of bound or free atoms. The concepts under consideration relate to a wide range of physical objects: liquids and solids, gases and plasmas, clusters and systems of complex molecules, polymers and amphiphiles. Along with pure substances, two-component systems such as mixtures, solutions, electrolytes, suspensions and gels are considered. A wide spectrum of phenomena are represented, including phase transitions, glassy transitions, nucleation processes, transport phenomena, superfluidity and electrophoresis. The various structures of many-particle systems are analyzed, such as crystal structures of solids and clusters, lamellar structures in solutions, fractal aggregates, and fractal structures, including an aerogel and a fractal fiber.