Burks A.R., Burks A.W. — The First Electronic Computer: The Atanasoff Story
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Íàçâàíèå: The First Electronic Computer: The Atanasoff Story
Àâòîðû: Burks A.R., Burks A.W.
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I read the Alice Burks book "Who Invented the Computer?" before I read this one, and I'm surprised to find this one even worse. It appears to have been written by a god and goddess who know what is in the hearts of men, especially John Mauchly and Pres Eckert. I think the first page should have started with their philosophy of John and Pres's characters expressed on p.181, "they were greedy, for fame and fortune, and did not want to acknowledge any prior invention." This is the premise under which they operate so of course they interpret everything as a proof of this premise. I knew Arthur Burk as a nice, mild-mannered man in the style of the Mr. Milquetoast depicted in the New Yorker cartoon. Apparently, he married a woman with magical powers who turned him into this vicious all-knowing author. I wonder if he would have been as self-righteous if he had been included on the ENIAC patent. He would probably have been able to stifle his virtue and never even dream of beating the drums for Atanasoff. They even include testimony of Mrs. Atanasoff that makes her sound as gracious as a pig at a trough. Of course, she knew Mauchly was staying with them. Her husband had told him that they had plenty of room and he was welcome.
John Mauchly was delighted to meet Atanasoff, who attended one of his lectures and came up to talk to him later. Both were interested in computers and eager to communicate with a kindred spirit. I'm sure they learned many things from each other and discussed many ideas. This was 1940 when they met and not very many people were interested in discussing computing. Both had things they wanted to do and current tools didn't allow them to do them very well. John was eager to find out if Atanasoff's computer could help him with his problems. Does anyone for a moment believe that the passage of knowledge flowed only in one direction? One would think that Atanasoff must have learned something from John, but this book would have you believe that Atanasoff had all the knowledge. If so, why was he so eager to have John come to see his computer, which I believe was never built until the ENIAC Trial.
Page 181 also displays their heavenly knowledge when they state, "It was not long before they realized that this machine would surpass the analyzer in the range of problems it could solve as well as in speed, and they began to call it a general purpose computer." How do they know that? John always told the ENIAC Women that it was general purpose and he always tried to get us to try to program a matrix inversion.
Their castigating of Kay Mauchly is shameful. Her arguments are always discounted while anything a lawyer, Atanasoff. or the judge says is pure truth. John's statements are all discounted and made fun of. This is such a vicious prejudiced book, with its venom repeated over and over again, it should be held up to ridicule. It cannot be taken seriously. And to think, Arthur has a Ph.D. Jean J. Bartik
abacus17—18258 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer)v1—2913242652586264266281 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), applications6—7148222 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), architecture61230274—275281—282287289 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), arithmetic unit1017—1823—25see ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), arithmetic unit, adaptation of vacuum tube for binary arithmetic2133—36261—262269272288 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), arithmetic unit, add-subtract mechanism24—2830—4749—5155—5657—5960—61136—137226—228270273 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), arithmetic unit, carry-borrow drum25—283647270 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), arithmetic unit, circuit design30—45 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), arithmetic unit, consideration of counters18—19228—231 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), arithmetic unit, digit representation33—36 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), arithmetic unit, electronic switch320—21354344273 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), arithmetic unit, electronic switching adder20—21273 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), arithmetic unit, logic principle20—21211—212 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), arithmetic unit, logical primitives41—45 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), arithmetic unit, plan for multiplication and division1256250—251 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), arithmetic unit, resistor networks34—3639—41 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), arithmetic unit, restore-shift mechanism25—3036—3745—4647270 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), arithmetic unit, truth table32—33404145 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), assessment as a well-engineered machine264—267 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), assessment as an automatic computer267—269 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), assessment as an electronic computer2269—271 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), base conversion1049 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), base conversion, binary-decimal conversion54—56666769 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), base conversion, decimal dials55—56 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), base conversion, decimal-binary conversion49—51656667—68 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), base conversion, decimal-card reader94950—5155 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), base conversion, read-only drum949—55 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), communication among units2328—2936 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), communication among units, "boost" circuit22—2337—39 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), communication among units, arithmetic unit and read-write drums37—39 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), communication among units, base-conversion drum to arithmetic unit5053—54 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), computation time15—17235156—5764—71225—226230 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), computation time, error considerations70—71 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), conception6—1013—171820—21210—213 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), construction821122—123134—135141238—239277 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), controls1721—2223—2946—4859—60248—249267—271275 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), demonstrations and tests122—123135—138239 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), digital versus analog mode8272seeanalog-digital ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), digital versus analog mode, binary number system10275—276 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), digital versus analog mode, binary switching logic272276288 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), elimination algorithm9—1217235665—6970—71222—224269 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), final state863—64277 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), fixed-point arithmetic70 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), influence on EDVAC374133252—255257282—287 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), influence on EDVAC, cyclical memory287 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), influence on EDVAC, electronic binary adder21151168181252283325348 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), influence on EDVAC, electronic circuitry283 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), influence on EDVAC, regenerative memory151168181252253—254283332 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), influence on EDVAC, separation of memory and arithmetic151283—284 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), influence on ENIAC1—373—74105—106132133237—247257278—279 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), influence on ENIAC, binary use of vacuum tube276279 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), influence on ENIAC, feasibility of electronic computing279 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), influence on ENIAC, nonrestoring division280 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), influence on ENIAC, timing and sequential control275280 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), influence on ENIAC, use of modular units280 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), influence on ENIAC, vacuum-tube switching21151168181279—280348 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), influence on today's computers11571252257270288—290325—326353—354 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), input-output1048—49 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), input-output, base conversion49—5154—5665—69 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), input-output, binary input-output956—63136269332 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), input-output, failure of binary-card system86371224—225277324—325 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), input-output, thyratrons (gas tubes)94659—60 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), memory12—14164857—61 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), memory, abacus analogy17—18 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), memory, capacitor (condenser) element14—1536269—270273—274 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), memory, capacity1013—1421—22116268273—274 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), memory, consideration of magnetic material14148225230 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), memory, consideration of vacuum tube14 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), memory, counter drum182325—293649—5155—56 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), memory, desk machine analogy18—19 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), memory, digit representation13—1415—1722—23 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), memory, drum form15—1721—22217—219230270274—275289 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), memory, keyboard drum182325—3036—3749 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), memory, read-only base-conversion drum49—55 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), memory, read-write feature1018 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), memory, regeneration ("jogging")314—15232529—30172—175230274288—289 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), memory, separation from arithmetic12—131518273 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), model7—822211—212213—216238240278 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), modular units276 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), nonrestoring division concept2956250—251277 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), novel aspects271—277 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), number of tubes45—46 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), operation of computer64—69264—267 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), patent status321152—154165—166175—176245246277—278 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), power supply33 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), proposal2721122146236238—239253 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), state during Mauchly's visit134—135137—138374 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), timing46—4859—61275 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), timing, addition time232847485758138214—215267320—321 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), timing, pulse time2328—293337—3838—3947525758227—228320 ABC (Atanasoff — Berry Computer), vector processing11—1216—1719—2058—5970—71278303 Aberdeen Proving Ground106—108182185seeArmy Aiken, Howard261264347—348 Analog computerssee "Computing technologies""Differential Atanasoff, John V.v—vii1—37286473124152—154159165197206207—209287 Atanasoff, John V., analog-digital distinction123—124139—140160 Atanasoff, John V., biographical data5—6863—64210219—220 Atanasoff, John V., correspondence with Mauchly115—116118121—132156—157163—166172—173187—188244 Atanasoff, John V., doctorate5 Atanasoff, John V., ENIAC proposal's reference111—112191—193244246 Atanasoff, John V., funding of computer21122212—213 Atanasoff, John V., ganged calculator concept185232—234282 Atanasoff, John V., idea for electronic integraph122—123127—129131—131140157163—165192—193239—240 Atanasoff, John V., idea for electronic integraph, influence on ENIAC109132240278—279280—282 Atanasoff, John V., idea for magnetic drum276—277282—283seememoryconsideration Atanasoff, John V., influence of ABCsee "ABC" Atanasoff, John V., Laplaciometer231—232234 Atanasoff, John V., Mauchly's Iowa visit116—118121125129132—132171—173177—179 Atanasoff, John V., meeting Mauchly758994—96100—104114—121125130—131170—171 Atanasoff, John V., modification of IBM machines232234 Atanasoff, John V., Naval Ordnance Laboratory6167175—177 Atanasoff, John V., Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Bikini Atoll project176—177221 Atanasoff, John V., Naval Ordnance Laboratory, computer project167 Atanasoff, John V., Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Helgoland project176—177221—222 Atanasoff, John V., Naval Ordnance Laboratory, visit from Eckert and Mauchly167—168178244 Atanasoff, John V., Naval Ordnance Laboratory, visit to Moore School245279 Atanasoff, John V., other projects at Iowa122124—127187 Atanasoff, John V., place in computer historysee "Causal chain of invention" Atanasoff, John V., testimony in ENIAC case on, counters versus logic228—230 Atanasoff, John V., testimony in ENIAC case on, doctoral students220—221 Atanasoff, John V., testimony in ENIAC case on, electronic integraph idea128—129 Atanasoff, John V., testimony in ENIAC case on, failure of binary-card system224—225 Atanasoff, John V., testimony in ENIAC case on, Mauchly's Iowa visit138—140149 Atanasoff, John V., testimony in ENIAC case on, Mauchly's reading ABC proposal146—147 Atanasoff, John V., testimony in ENIAC case on, meeting Mauchly115—118 Atanasoff, John V., testimony in ENIAC case on, progress of invention234—236 Atanasoff, John V., testimony in ENIAC case on, roadhouse trip210—213 Atanasoff, John V., testimony in ENIAC case on, speed of add-subtract mechanism226—228 Atanasoff, John V., trial consultant and witness209—210219225231236see Atanasoff, Lura134150152 Atanasoff, Lura, testimony in Regenerative Memory case152—155 Babbage, Charles7259—260333339—340346—347 Bardeen, John351 Bell Telephone Laboratories285 Bell Telephone Laboratories, computers204206207260268276348see Berry, Clifford E.84663—64120140178209234238 Berry, Clifford E., Atanasoff's graduate assistant2163134212 Berry, Clifford E., binary input-output63135140 Berry, Clifford E., demonstrations and tests122—123137—138216 Berry, Clifford E., doctorate64140 Berry, Clifford E., electronics of add-subtract mechanism32—3345 Berry, Clifford E., patent papers4952—5356245 Berry, Clifford E., role in Mauchly visit133—134138—139141—142145149156164172178239373—374 Berry. T.E.188 Billings, John S.347 Binac174196254—255281 Bollee, Leon326—327 Boole, George333 Boole, George, Boolean algebra30—31297333—339348
Bower, M. Maxwell83—84 Brainerd, John G.105110185192—193 Brandt, A.E.232 Brattain, Walter351 Burks, Arthur W.v—vii2287 Burks, Arthur W., EDVAC meetings201285 Burks, Arthur W., work on EN1AC105203 Burks, Arthur W., work on IAS computer287 Bush, Vannevar127—129140157182188263 Caldwell, Samuel H.122—123125126—127137140187—188 Call, Charles G.viii213 Causal chain of invention1—3257—258262—264271—290293 Chambers, Carl C.110 Chapline, Joseph360 Clayton, H. Helmsee "John W. MauchlyClayton Colossi257348353 Computer architecture279293see"EDVAC""ENIAC""von Computing technologies1272—273281289—290seearithmeticadaptation Computing technologies, analog technologies263—264 Computing technologies, digital technologies258297—298353—354 Computing technologies, digital technologies, electromechanical technology260—261339—348 Computing technologies, digital technologies, electronic technology2261—263348—352 Computing technologies, digital technologies, manual pretechnology258 Computing technologies, digital technologies, mechanical technology258—260333—340 Control Data Corp.see "Regenerative Memory patent case" cost considerations262—263289—290350—352353—354 Counterssee also "J. Presper EckertENIAC"ENIACaccumulator Counters, counting versus logic principle20109158—159228—230 Counters, scaling circuits18—1996—99103109262281348 Crawford, Perry257277280282—284 Dawson, Archie O.200—201 de Colmar, Charles259 de Morgan, Augustussee "Switches and switching theory" DeLone, H. Francis360—361 DeLone, H. Francis, examination of Mauchly75—9096—100133145168 DeLone, H. Francis, examination of Travis188 Des Moines Tribune 1941 article120131 Desk machines8—101216—1718—196770—717580107—109161259268276 Desk machines, ganged calculator concept108183—185232—234 DeWire, John100133359—360368—369 Differential analyzer8106—109126128—129182—183187—188263279281282see Differential analyzer, influence on ENIAC110—111181282 Digital versus analog modesee "ABC" Dodds, Laurence B.209 Dodds, Laurence B., examination of Legvold140—143 Dodds, Laurence B., examination of Lura Atanasoff152154—155 Dodds, Laurence B., examination of Mauchly169173176 Durfee, D.M.261 Eckert — Mauchly Computer Corp.196206 Eckert, J. Presperv—vi109155166186188190192—193202—203205—207237287see"ENIAC" Eckert, J. Presper, 30A patent package196206 Eckert, J. Presper, article mentioning Atanasoff174—175177179253—254 Eckert, J. Presper, disclosure of magnetic drum computer282—287 Eckert, J. Presper, EDVAC role151201 Eckert, J. Presper, EDVAC role, mercury-delay-line memory151167—168169174181201244—245270281282—283285—287332 Eckert, J. Presper, ENIAC role1—273—74105—106110—111151200257349367 Eckert, J. Presper, ENIAC role, counter98166182 Eckert, J. Presper, recent press comments207—208 Eckert, J. Presper, testimony in ENIAC case179—181190—191 Eckert, J. Presper, Travis-ENIAC linksee "Irven Travis" Eckert, J. Presper, visit to Atanasoff167—168178244 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer)167—168244246270273281303350 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer), architecture286287 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer), Army sponsorship167201 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer), conception201240283285—286 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer), derivation from Atanasoffsee "ABCinfluence EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer), derivation from ENIAC1262—263283 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer), Moore School meetings201285 EDVAC conceptionsee "EDVAC" ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)1—2105—106113260281 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), accumulator principle97—98158—159181—182230282 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), advances over ABC1204206279—282284349 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), architecture110—111274—275281—282 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), Army sponsorship105110167192200201206207 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), derivation from Atanasoffsee "ABCinfluence"Johnideainfluence ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), derivation from differential analyzersee "Differential analyzerinfluence ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), derivation from Travissee "Irven TravisTravis-ENIAC ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), description112—114262—263268271276 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), first general-purpose electronic computer173109237 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), naming112 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), patentv73167—168180—181195207237244—245see ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), patent, claims attributable to Atanasoff238240—242245—252 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), programmability109112—114283—285 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), proposal105109—112166183—184186189 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), proposal, electronic difference analyzer110—111 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), proposal, numerical integration110 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), proposal, programming111 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), proposal, reference to earlier electronic difference analyzers111—112191—193244246 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), proposal, replacement for differential analyzer110—111 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), recent press reports208—209 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), reputation as first electronic computer73—74207—208257 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), two-accumulator model185—186201278 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), vacuum-tube circuits279—280seeatomic"Switchesvacuum-tube ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), vacuum-tube circuits, combined storage and arithmetic128151163181230 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand)v—vii2—375105—106195205—206209—210236 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), issues195—197203 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), Larson's decisions on, 30A patent package198—199205206252—255 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), Larson's decisions on, abandonment of invention242 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), Larson's decisions on, anticipation by Phelps202—203 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), Larson's decisions on, automatic electronic digital computerv202236—238 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), Larson's decisions on, Clayton Antitrust Act196361 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), Larson's decisions on, coinventors at Moore School203—204237 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), Larson's decisions on, credibility of Atanasoff versus Mauchly158240 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), Larson's decisions on, delay before Patent Office204—205 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), Larson's decisions on, derivation from Atanasoff, v2373—74203—204237—247252—254 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), Larson's decisions on, ENIAC patent validity, v198—199204 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), Larson's decisions on, fraud on Patent Office204—205242—246 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), Larson's decisions on, infringement of patent198 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), Larson's decisions on, placing on sale201 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), Larson's decisions on, prior public use199—201 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), Larson's decisions on, prior publication201—202 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), Larson's decisions on, Regenerative Memory patent169252—254 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), Larson's decisions on, serial adder patents254—255 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), Larson's decisions on, Sherman Antitrust Act197—198 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), Larson's decisions on, Sperry Rand v. BTL case200—201204 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), source of historical data, vi273—74257 ENIAC patent case (Honeywell v. Sperry Rand), testimonysee "John V. Atanasoff""Joseph"J."Herman"Sam"John"Kathleen ENIAC role1—273—74105—106110—111151200257see"ENIAC""Kathleen ENIAC role, letter to DeWire100133368—369 ENIAC role, letter to Mary Mauchly372—373 ENIAC role, letter to National Research Council372 ENIAC role, memorandum on high-speed calculator106—111128163166183—184186189191234 ENIAC role, meteorological analyses75—8084100—103123—124125158159186—187 ENIAC role, Naval Ordnance Laboratory employment167 ENIAC role, notes on computing118—119134159—163166 ENIAC role, notes on computing, references to Atanasoff119—120160—163167—168245246 ENIAC role, plan for electronic desk calculator99—102104119125130133156—157159—163186189 ENIAC role, testimony in ENIAC case on, Atanasoff's idea for electronic integraph145—146192 ENIAC role, testimony in ENIAC case on, correspondence with Atanasoff164—165 ENIAC role, testimony in ENIAC case on, early aspirations132—133150—151 ENIAC role, testimony in ENIAC case on, meeting Atanasoff94—96116—118 ENIAC role, testimony in ENIAC case on, reading ABC proposal132—133147—149 ENIAC role, testimony in ENIAC case on, using ideas of others80—84 ENIAC role, testimony in ENIAC case on, visit to Atanasoff in Iowa116—118129132—133143—146149—152 ENIAC role, testimony in ENIAC case on, what he told Eckert of Atanasoff175180—181 ENIAC role, testimony in Regenerative Memory case on, correspondence with Atanasoff172—173 ENIAC role, testimony in Regenerative Memory case on, early aspirations169—170 ENIAC role, testimony in Regenerative Memory case on, meeting Atanasoff170—171 ENIAC role, testimony in Regenerative Memory case on, regenerative memory concept172—175 ENIAC role, testimony in Regenerative Memory case on, using Atanasoff's ideas175—176 ENIAC role, testimony in Regenerative Memory case on, visit to Atanasoff in Iowa171—173177—179 ENIAC role, testimony in Regenerative Memory case on, what he told Eckert of Atanasoff173175180—181 ENIAC role, Travis-ENIAC linksee "Irven Travis" Euler, Leonhard335 Ferrill, Thomas M.158374 Ferrill, Thomas M., examination of Atanasoff210211—213215—219220222—234236 Ferrill, Thomas M., examination of Eckert190 Flip-flop versus counter97229231 Frege, Gottlob339 Fry, Thornton127
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