Biologically inspired optimization methods constitute a rapidly expanding field of research, with new applications appearing on an almost daily basis, as optimization problems of ever-increasing complexity appear in science and technology. This book provides a general introduction to such optimization methods, along with descriptions of the biological systems upon which the methods are based. The book also covers classical optimization methods, making it possible for the reader to determine whether a classical optimization method or a biologically inspired one is most suitable for a given problem. The book is primarily intended as a course book for students with a background covering basic engineering mathematics and elementary computer programming. Each method is illustrated with several basic examples, as well as more complex examples taken from the research literature. In addition, several exercises are provided, ranging from basic theoretical questions to programming examples. While theoretical results are presented, the book is mainly centered on practical applications of the optimization methods considered.