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| Rips J.L. — The psychology of proof: deductive reasoning in human thinking |
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| Предметный указатель |
A Natural-Deduction System (ANDS) 150
Abelson, R.P. 290 413n8
Abstraction 254. See also Instantiation; Generalization; Matching
Acquisition of logical principles See Learning; Innateness
Adams, E. 125
Adams, M.J. 232 239 402n7
Additivity requirement 312—314 317
Adkins, D.C. 16
Ajjanagadde, V. 186 300
Algorithm for proofs See Computer theorem proving; PSYCOP/PSYCOP+; Resolution theorem proving; Tree proof
Analogical inference 11 389 391
Anderson, A.R. 48—50 383
Anderson, J.R. 60 68 109 276 281 300 418n5
Anderson, S.B. 307
Argument evaluation 3 18 19 149 261
Argument evaluation task difficulty of 312—313 317
Argument evaluation with categorical syllogisms 233—239
Argument evaluation with multiple variables 254—260 265
Argument evaluation with sentential connectives 150—157 170 184 310 311
Argument reversal 201 202 209
Argument reversal and resolution system 213
Argument reversal, soundness of 209—213 218—220
Argument reversaland semantics 207
Argument, definition of 3
Arguments, of predicates 51. See also Permanent/Temporary names; Variables
Aristotelian syllogism See Syllogism
Aristotle 19 25 57 58 176 233 239 380 402n6 402n7 408n3
Armstrong, S.L. 411 n5
artificial intelligence See also Algorithm for proofs; Programming language
Artificial intelligence and computer theorem proving 64—66
Artificial intelligence and deductive problem solving 97—99
Artificial intelligence and nondeductive inference 269 270 389 390
Artificial intelligence and syllogistic reasoning 23
Assertion sensitivity 72
Assertions (of a proof) See also Domain/subdomain/superdomain; Goal/subgoal; Inference rule; Supposition
Assertions (of a proof), definition of 68
Assertions (of a proof), intermediate 73
Assertions (of a proof), working memory for 111 112
Associates, paired 271
Atmosphere effects See Syllogism
Atomic sentence in tree proofs 75—77 131
Atomic sentence, definition of 51
Atomic sentence, token/type 141
Au,T.K.-F. 401n2
Automated deduction See Artificial intelligence; Computer theorem proving; Resolution theorem proving
Availability heuristic 246 339—347
Availability, of rules 153—156 242 243 260 265 407n3
Axiomatic system See Logic
Bach, E. 390
Backward chaining 71. See also Backward rule; Transitivity
Backward rule and self-constraint/promotion 84—90 404n9
Backward rule in PSYCOP/PSYCOP+ 105 115—121 129—131 140 195—202 209—213
Backward rule, definition of 68
Backward/forward distinction See Forward/backward distinction
Baddeley, A.D. 112
Bara, B.G. 23 232 234 244—247 349 352 356 358 361 408n2 409n6 415n3 415n4 415n6
Baron, J. 408n9
Barston, J.L. 21
Barwise, J. 57 94 186 214 345 401n1 404n6
Beattie, J. 408n9
Begg, I. 56 228 229 231 244 303
Belief 344 389-390.
Belief and categorization 278 279 289 292 296—297 300 301 391 411n4
Belief and deduction 99 300 301
Belief and nonmonotonic logic 411n7
Belief revision 58—62
Belief, coherence of 11 12 298
Believability effect 21 22 238 340 342 343 371 414n2 416—417n10
Belnap, N.D. 48—50 383 384 403n3
Benacerraf, P. 214
Bergmann, M. 203 254 351
Beth, E.W. 74
Bever.T.G. 176
Biconditional 91 178 179.
Binding, of variables 186 187 227 269 300 399.
Binet test 15
Birnbaum, L. 65 389 417n3
Bishop, E. 103
Black, J.B. 413n8
Bledsoe, W.W. 83 84 90
Bobrow, D.G. 273
Boer, S.E. 404n5 411n8
Boolos, G. 67
Borkowski, L. 52
Bower, G.H. 347
Boyer, R.S. 90
Brachman, R.J. 186 291
Braine, M.D.S. xi 15 18 32 49 50 57 112 115 178 184 305 314—319 327 403n4 405n4 406n1 406n2 412n2
Brecht, B. 377
British Museum Algorithm 64 71 72 74 315—316
Brooks, L. 280
Bruell, P. 84
Burt, C. 15
Byrne, R.M.J. xi 15 244 333 348 349 352—362 371 374 385 405n4 407n3 414n3 415n3 415n4 415n7 416n10
Canonical proof 125 131—137 145—147
Carey, S. 280 291
Carpenter, P.A. 26 171 417n11
Carroll, J.B. 15 17
Carroll, J.M. 176
Carroll, L. 12
Categorical sentence 227—231
Categorization xi 269 410—411n3
Categorization and schema theory 291—293 411n5
Categorization as deduction 277 278 281 289
Categorization as explanation 281 282
Categorization as induction 278-—281 391
Categorization, causal theory of 282—290 293 300 411n4
Category, artificial 277 278
Category, basic-level 281
Category, contrast class 282—290 (passim)
Category, goodness of Tit 281
Category, membership 277—282 (passim) 289 296 410—411n3 411n4
Category, natural 277 278 280 282
Category, property 278 279 281 282 292 410—411n3 411n4
Category, representatives 280
Category, subset/superset 277
Causal theory See Categorization
Ceraso, J. 22 244
Chamber, B. 308
Chang, C.C. 203
Chapman, J.P. 22 238 244
Chapman, L.J. 22 238 244
Chase, W.G. 26 171—175 371
Chater, N. 411n7
Cheng, P.W. 15 183 303 304 319—332 334 336 412n3 412n4 413n4 413n9
Cherniak, C. 12 67
Chierchia,G. 401n1
Children's reasoning xi. See also Mental model; Learning; lnnateness
Chomsky, N. 10
Church's Theorem 66 67 194
Church's thesis 67 351
Church, A. 57 66 67 351
Circumscription 295—297. See also Nonmonotonic logic
Clare, T. 294
Clark, H.H. 26 171—175 333 371
Classical predicate logic (CPL) See also Conditional; Inference rule; Logic Sentential Syllogism
Classical predicate logic (CPL) and tree proofs 79
Classical predicate logic (CPL) vs. PSYCOP/PSYCOP+ 122 124 177 209—215
Classical predicate logic (CPL) vs. scholastic logic 228 229
Classical predicate logic (CPL), completeness of 33 (see also Completeness)
Classical predicate logic (CPL), decision procedure 66—68 74 138
Classical predicate logic (CPL), proof algorithm, improved 74
Classical predicate logic (CPL), proof procedure 67
Classical predicate logic (CPL), quantifier-free form, translation to 90—94 209 210 213—215
Classical predicate logic (CPL), rule system for 42—48 51—56
Classification See Categorization
Clausal form See Resolution theorem proving
Clement, C.A. 26
Clocksin, W.F. 61 65 98 401n3 410n1
Cognitive economy 194
| Cohen, L.J. 378 392 395 396 414n1
Collins, A.M. 109 280 291 391
Collins, G.C. 330
Completeness See also PSYCOP/PSYCOP+
Completeness, logical 33 64 77 90 122 124 137
Completeness, psychological 124 397
Comprehension of conditionals (see biconditional; conditional; implicature; content effect)
Comprehension of connectives 171 186 336 337
Comprehension of negation (See Negative sentence)
Comprehension of proofs 157—166 184
Comprehension of story 291
Comprehension of text 167 402n4
Comprehension vs. deduction 12 13 402n4
Comprehension, levels of 402n4
Computational complexity 63—68 297.
Computational efficiency 63 64 84.
Computational level 379
Computer theorem proving See also Artificial intelligence; Resolution theorem proving; Tree proof
Computer theorem proving and problem-solving 94—99
Computer theorem proving, Cook's theorem 67 68
Computer theorem proving, decision procedure 66—68 74 405n1
Computer theorem proving, General Problem Solver (GPS) 73
Computer theorem proving, heuristics 64 66 73 74 77 83 97
Computer theorem proving, proof procedure 67 74
Computer theorem proving, quantifier representation 90 (See also Resolution theorem proving)
Computer theorem proving, question-answering 95—97 149
Computer theorem proving, search 64 66—68
Computer theorem proving, theoretical limits 66—68
Computer theorem proving, undecidability theorem 66 67
Concept 411n5. See also Categorization
Conclusion sensitivity 72 74 311
Conditional See also Biconditional; Implication; Selection task
Conditional and biconditional 91 178 179 343 404n5
Conditional and quantifier 92 93 193 196 201 210—211 227 414n2
Conditional perfection See Invited inference
Conditional syllogism 26 171 176—179 181 184 258 261 346 347 408n8
Conditional, conterfactual 48 390 410—411n3
Conditional, hypothetical syllogism 71 (see also Transitivity)
Conditional, intensional/extensional if 48 49 178 397
Conditional, interpretation of 178 179 327 331 332 343—345 394 395 403n4 404n5
Conditional, material conditional 69 125 320 321 325 327
Conditional, transformation of, in PSYCOP/PSYCOP+ 104 124 125 128 129 133 138 186 213
Conditional, transitivity 69—72 95—96 98
Conditionalization (conditional proof) 41 43—47 116 125.
Connectionism 186 293 300 385
Connective x 26 261
Connective and natural deduction 227
Connective, comprehension of 171 395—397
Connective, CPL rules for 42—50
Connective, hybrid rules for 73
Connective, multi-place 314
Connective, quantifier-free form 91
Conrad, F.G. 17 47 104 150 156 325 406n1
Constants, logical 189 190.
Content effects See also Believability effect; Elaboration effect
Content effects in argument evaluation 155 340—347
Content effects in selection task 318—335 (passim) 345—346 413n5
Content effects in syllogisms see Believability effect
Content effects, interpretation of conditionals 179 182 183 343 345 414n2
Content effects, proof comprehension 165
Contingency 344
Control strategy , depth-first strategy 123 126
Control strategy in automated deduction 97 98
Control strategy in PSYCOP/PSYCOP+ 112 121—123 128 137 138 317
Conversational convention See Implicature
Converse, of conditional 178 179 181 395
Cook's theorem 67 68 405n1
Cook, S.A. 67 68 405n1
Cooper, R. 57 401n1 404n6
Copi, I.M. 36 52 254
Corcoran, J. 57 402n6
Cosmides, L. 319 322 327—334 413n4 413n1 414n11
Cox, J.R. 183 318 328
Criscuolo, G. 294
Cummins, D.D. 26 179 414n1
Cut Elimination Theorem 75
Darwin, C. xii 336
Darwinian algorithm See evolutionary theory; Social contract theory; Social exchange
Davidson, D. viii 11 384
Davis, M. 79
Decision procedure See Classical predicate logic
decision-making 99 300 341 389
Deducibility 32—34 42 136 238 249 350 402n1.
Deduction See also Inference rule; Logic; PSYCOP/PSYCOP+; Reasoning; Syllogism
Deduction and planning see Planning
Deduction as problem-solving see Problem-solving
Deduction System Hypothesis viii—x 384 385
Deduction system, justification of 378—389
Deduction system, properties of 123 124
Deduction Theorem 402n1
Deduction, automated see Computer theorem proving
Deduction, backward see Backward rule
Deduction, centrality of 10—14 28 391 402n4
Deduction, forward see Forward rule
Deduction, levels of 379 383—385 391 400 417n1 418n5
Deduction, psychometric approach see Psychometrics
Deduction, question-answering 95—97
Deduction, rule-based vs. non-rule-based 303 304 318 339 340
Deduction, set effect 123
Deduction, theories of xi 3 26 27 30 73 103 104 112 115 269 303—305 376 377 399
defaults 269 291—298
Defeasible inference/reasoning 60 61 270 293 294.
DeJong, G. 279
deKleer.J. 98 111 298
Dennett, D.C. viii 11 214 384
Denny, J. 303
Deontic system 323 324 334 335 412n1 413n5 413n9 413—414n11.
DeSoto, C.B. 26
Diagram, reasoning by 227 269 347—349 353.
Dickstein, L.S. 23 232—239 362 409n4
Difficulty of task (syllogism) 157 232 236 237 356—358 361 362 364—366 368 409n5
Direct/indirect procedure 314—317
Disjunction 76—90 (passim) 133 134 314
Disjunctive normal form 366
Disjunctive syllogism See Syllogism; Inference rule
Domain/subdomain/superdomain See also Assertion; Goal/subgoal; Inference rule; Supposition
Domain/subdomain/superdomain and control strategy 121—123
Domain/subdomain/superdomain and dependency link 110 111
Domain/subdomain/superdomain and halting theorem 129—131 139—142
Domain/subdomain/superdomain and memory structure in PSYCOP/PSYCOP+ 167—170
Domain/subdomain/superdomain, definition of 39 40
Domain/subdomain/superdomain, immediate sub/super-domain 39 139 140
Donovan, C. 227
Dowty, D.R. 399
Doyle, J. 98 111 298
Dummett, M. 374 378 403n3
Elaboration effects 343—345 371 414n2.
Embretson, S. 17
Entailment See Semantic entailment
Erickson, J.R. xi 23 25 28 340 348 349 369
Ericsson, K.A. 5
Estes, W.K. 204
Euler circle 23 24 28 261 347—349 358 369
Evans, J.St. B.T. 5 18 21 26 42 178 180 183 238 246 336 342 343 345 408n8 408n9 413n4
Evolutionary theory 334—336. See also Social contract theory; Social exchange
Exclusivity, of quantifiers 194. See also Inference rule
Existential presupposition See Presupposition; Implicature
Explanation-based learning 279
External proof (PSYCOP/PSYCOP +) 158—162
Factor analysis 16—18. See also Mental ability; Intelligence test
Fallacies 178 382.
Falmagne, R.J. 26
familiarity 341—346. See also Availability; Believabihty
Family resemblance 280
Fan effects 276. See also Memory
Figure effect 237
Figure, syllogistic 26 237 362
Fikes, R.E. 98
Fillenbaum, S. 26 343 345 404n5 414n2
Fine, K. 36
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