The development of high energy accelerators began in 1911 when Rutherford discovered
the atomic nuclei inside the atom. Since then, high voltage DC and rf accelerators
have been developed, high-field magnets with excellent field quality have been
achieved, transverse and longitudinal beam focusing principles have been discovered,
high power rf sources have been invented, high vacuum technology has been improved,
high brightness (.polarized/unpolarized) electron/ion sources have been attained, and
beam dynamics and beam manipulation schemes such as beam injection, accumulation,
slow and fast extraction, beam damping and beam cooling, instability feedback,
etc. have been advanced. The impacts of the accelerator development are evidenced
by many ground-breaking discoveries in particle and nuclear physics, atomic and
molecular physics, condensed-matter physics, biomedical physics, medicine, biology,
and industrial processing.