Ventricular muscle cells of adult mammals are terminally differentiated cells that have lost
their ability to replicate for the repair or reconstitution of damaged myocardium. Adult
mammalian ventricular myocardium lacks adequate regeneration capability, and an injured
heart is normally repaired by scar formation, hypertrophy of surviving myocytes, and hyper￾plasia of non-muscle cells. Cellular cardiomyoplasty is to use stem cells or progenitor cells
for angiogenesis and myogenesis of injured heart to replace, repair, maintain, and enhance
ventricular function of an ailing heart. Since we fi rst reported cellular cardiomyoplasty in
1989, successful outcomes have been confi rmed by experimental and clinical studies with
exponential growth in the last two decades.